Deep-Sea Minerals Developments in the 20th Century/Разработка глубоководных месторождений полезных ископаемых в 20 веке

Издание на английском языке
The book describes the historical development of underwater mining since the eighteenth century. It describes the discovery of manganese nodules during the Challenger expedition in the 1870s, their composition, and subsequent sporadic investigations of these and other deep-sea minerals, including phosphorites and hydrothermal deposits. The commercial potential of these minerals, originally focused on scientific exploration, was recognized in the 1950s, but the environmental impact was largely ignored at the time. On the contrary, in modern discussions about deep-sea mining, special attention is paid to environmental considerations, reflecting the changing priorities and challenges that arose at the end of the twentieth century.

Contents
Part I Initial Enthusiasm,1957-Early 1980s
The Post-Second World War Deep-Sea Minerals Scene
Introduction
Positive Assessments of Deep-Sea Mining and Why It Might Be Needed
Negative Assessments of Deep-Sea Mining and Why It Might Not Be Needed
External Uncertainties
Environmental Issues
Law of the Sea and Deep-Sea Mining
References
Activities on Manganese Nodules During the Post-war Boom
Introduction
Pacific Ocean
North Pacific Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
Transects
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Resource Potential
Economic Evaluations
Postscript: Project Azorian, the Glomar Explorer Affair
References
Cobalt-Rich Crusts: Recognition and Preliminary Evaluations
Introduction
Regional Studies
Crust Characteristics
Economic Potential
References
Hydrothermal Deposits: Discovery and Preliminary Economic Evaluation
Introduction
Red Sea Deposits
Polymetallic Sulphide (PMS) and Related Deposits
Metalliferous Sediments
Hydrothermal Ferromanganese Oxide Crusts
References
Phosphorites
Introduction
Occurrence and Associations
Resource Potential
References
Exploration and Mining Development
Exploration
Visual Methods
Sampling
Remote Methods
Geochemical Methods
Mining Development
Manganese Nodules
Hydrothermal Deposits
Co Rich Crusts
References
Part II Transition, Circumspection and Diversification, Early 1980s-2000 Hydrothermal PMS and Related Deposits
Spreading Centres
Convergent Plate Boundaries
End of Century PMS Activities
References
Expanding Cobalt-Rich Crust Activities in the Pacific Ocean
Introduction
North Pacific
South Pacific
Resource Potential
References
Late Twentieth-Century Manganese Nodule Activities
International Seabed Area
North Pacific
South Pacific
Indian Ocean
Exclusive Economic Zones
Blake Plateau
SW Pacific
References
Technological Developments 1980-2000
Introduction
Seabed Mapping, Surveying and Photography
Seabed Sampling
Hydrothermal Plume Detection
References
Environment
Introduction
Manganese Nodules
Post-DOMES Benthic Impact Investigations
Benthic Impact Experiment
Japan Deep-Sea Impact Experiment
Interoceanmetal (IOM) Benthic Impact Experiment
Disturbance and Recolonization Experiment (DISCOL)
Indian Deep-Sea Environmental Experiment (INDEX)
Synthesis
Polymetallic Sulphides
References
Economic and Legal Developments, 1983-2000
Introduction
Hydrothermal Minerals
Manganese Nodules
Cobalt-Rich Crusts
Law of the Sea
References
Epilogue
References
Index