Boiler Control Systems Engineering/Разработка систем управления котлами

Книга на английском языке
Boilers are a key power source for electrical generation in the United States and around the world and for providing heat in process industries and buildings. Regardless of the capacity or fuel, there are certain fundamental control systems required for boiler control. Large utility systems are more complex due to the number of burners and overall capacity and equipment.
Although there are numerous ways to achieve control, the purpose is always the same - to control the firing of a boiler safely, reliably, and efficiently.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Boiler Fundamentals
Basic Boilers
Boiler Components
Furnace
Fans
Windbox
Flue Gas Heat Exchangers
Combustion Air Preheater
Economizer
Superheater
Boiler Drums
Piping and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs)
Design Basis Check List
Chapter 2 - Control of Boilers
Control Strategies
Bumpless Transfer
Simple Feedback Control
Feedforward plus Feedback Control
Cascade Control
Ratio Control
Feedforward Control
Controller Tuning
Determining Gain, Reset, and Derivative
Gain vs. Proportional Band (PB)
Controller Actions
Controller Actions Setup
The Effects on Tuning
Calibration Effect on Gain
Transmitters
Redundancy
Interlock Circuitry
Final Control Elements
Chapter 3 - Furnace Draft
Pressure Fired Boilers
Balanced Draft Boiler Fans
Furnace Pressure Control
Summer
Chapter 4 - Feedwater
Once-Through Boilers
Drum Level Feedwater Control
Transmitters
Shrink and Swell
Single Element Level Control
Two Element Level Control
Three Element Level Control
Control System Configuration
Summer
Chapter 5 - Coal Fired Boilers
Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers
Raw Coal and Feeder
Stoker Boilers
Cyclone Boiler
Graphics: Pulverizer Coal Boiler
Chapter 6 - Fuel and Air Control
Fuel and Air Control Gas Oil
Fuel and Air Control Characterization
Excess Air to Oxygen
Multiple Fuel Control
Oxygen (O2) Trim Control
Multiple Boilers
Chapter 7 - Steam Temperature
Three Element Level Control
Chapter 8 - Burner Management Systems
Burner Management System (BMS) Control
NFPA 85 Code 2007
Boiler Control and Operating Documentation
Combustion Control
Purge Control
Requirement for Independence of Control (Hardware/Software)
Flame Detection
Flame Monitoring and Tripping System (Multiple Burner Boilers)
Flame Tripping Validation
Examples of Permissive Starting Logic and Protective Tripping Logic
Chapter 9 - Environment
NOx and NOx Control
Excess Air to Oxygen
Boiler Efficiency Computations
Input/Output Example
Chapter 10 - Control Valve Sizing
Valve Characteristics
Valve Characteristic Graph
Recommended Velocities
Valve Sizing for Different Control Media
Control Valve Sizing Calculations
Gas Valve Sizing
Chapter 11 - Steam Temperature Control
Purpose
Introduction
Principles and Methods of Transient Superheat Steam
Temperature Control
NOx Control
Redundancy
Reset Windup Prevention
Advanced Steam Temperature Control
Acronyms
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Bibliography
References
Kraft Pulp Mill
Index