Underwater Archaeology/Подводная археология

Книга на английском языке.
The Nautical Archaeological Society has for many years been a champion of best practice in archaeology under water through its internationally acclaimed training scheme, the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, and a wide range of practical outreach projects. The original edition of the NAS Handbook was another invaluable and much-appreciated part of how the Society has supported practical involvement in nautical archaeology.
Provides a practical guide to underwater archaeology: how to get involved, basic principles, essential techniques, project planning and execution, publishing and presenting. New chapters on geophysics, historical research, photography and video, monitoring and maintenance and conservation.

Contents
List of Figures
List of Plates
Foreword
Acknowledgements
1 The NAS Handbook – Why It Was Written
2 Underwater Archaeology
What Is Archaeology?
What Is Archaeology Under Water?
What Is Not Archaeology Under Water?
Closely Related and Complementary Approaches (Ethnography and Experimental Archaeology)
Further Information
3 Getting Involved in Underwater and Foreshore Archaeology
Further Information
4 Basic Principles - Making the Most of the Clues
The Importance of Underwater Sites
Site Types
The Range of Evidence on an Archaeological Site
Links Between Categories of Evidence
Using the Evidence
Dating
Environment and Site-Formation Processes
The Deterioration of Wood
Culture and Site-Formation Processes
Further Information
5 Project Planning
The Project Design
Further Information
6 Safety on Archaeological Sites Under Water and on the Foreshore
Risk Assessments
Diving Project Plan
Codes of Practice
Control of Diving Operations
Working Under Water
Potential Diving Problems and Solutions
Safety During Excavation
Inter-Tidal Site Safety
Further Information
7 International and National Laws Relating to Archaeology Under Water
Jurisdiction - Where Do the Laws Apply?
The Regime in International Waters
International Salvage Law
Underwater Cultural Heritage and Salvage Law
Ownership of Underwater Cultural Heritage
Abandonment of Ownership
National Legislation
International Conventions
Case Studies
Further Information
8 Archaeological Recording
The Need for Recording
Recording Systems
Planning the Recording: What to Record
Recording Information On Site
Recording Timbers
Recording Contexts
Recording Stratigraphy
Recording Environmental Evidence
Recording Samples
Recording Survey Results
Recording Plans and Sections
Recording Photographic Results
Conservation Records
Identifying Archaeological Material
Tags and Labelling
Storing the Information
Computing Options and Issues
Geographical Information Systems
Explaining, Documenting, and Supervising the System
Further Information
9 Historical Research
Types of Evidence
Locating Primary Sources
The Internet
Methods of Research
Further Information
10 Photography
Photographic Theory
Digital Photography
Surface Photography
Photographing Finds
Underwater Photography
Underwater Photographic Techniques
Digital Darkroom
Mosaics - Photo or Video
Video Cameras
Video Technique
Video Editing
Further Information
11 Position-Fixing
Geographical Coordinates
Accuracy
Methods of Position-Fixing
Equipment
Further Information
12 Underwater Search Methods
Positioning
Coverage
Safety
Diver Search Methods
13 Geophysical and Remote-Sensing Surveys
Search Patterns, Navigation and Positioning
Acoustic Systems
Bathymetric Survey
Echo-Sounders
Multibeam Swath Systems
Bottom-Classification Systems
Sidescan Sonar
Sub-Bottom Profiling
Magnetometry
Integrated Surveys
Submersibles: ROVs and AUVs
Aerial Photography
Further Information
14 Underwater Survey
Types of Survey
An Initial Sketch
Planning
Setting Up a Baseline/Control Points
Installing Survey Points
The Principles of Survey
Survey Using Tape-Measures, Grids and Drafting Film
Vertical Control (Height/Depth)
Drawing/Planning Frames
Grid-Frames
Processing Measurements and Drawing up the Site-Plan
Three-Dimensional Computer-Based Survey
Acoustic Positioning Systems
Positioning the Site in the Real World
Further Information
15 Destructive Investigative Techniques
Probing
Sampling
Excavation
Further Information
16 Archaeological Conservation and First-Aid for Finds
Underwater Burial Environments
Materials Degradation and Post-Excavation Deterioration
Principal Risks to Finds During and After Recovery
Principles and Procedures for First-Aid for Underwater Finds
Lifting, Handling and Transportation
Approaches to Packing and Storage
Sampling and Analysis
Initial Cleaning
Holding and Pre-Conservation Treatment Solutions
Record-Keeping
X-Radiography and Facilities
Health and Safety
Insurance
Checklists
Further Information
17 Site Monitoring and Protection
Monitoring
Protection
Further Information
18 Archaeological Illustration
Basic Drawing Equipment
Drawing Archaeological Material
Recording ‘By Eye’
Recording Decoration and Surface Detail
Recording Constructional and Other Detail
Post-Fieldwork Photography and Laser Scanning
Presenting a Range of Complex Information
Further Information
19 Post-Fieldwork Analysis and Archiving
Handling Material and Keeping Records
Post-Fieldwork Treatment of Survey Work
Specialist Analysis
Interpretation and Gathering Supporting Evidence From Other Sources
Producing an Archaeological Archive
Further Information
20 Presenting, Publicizing and Publishing Archaeological Work
The Importance of Publicizing (Where and When)
Identifying and Satisfying an Audience
Methods of Presentation
Writing Reports and Publications
A Significant Achievement and Contribution
Further Information
Appendix 1: Anchor Recording
Stone Anchors
Stock Anchors
Further Information
Appendix 2: Guns
The Importance of Sea-Bed Recording
Identification of Material
Classification by Methods of Loading
Classification by Shape
Inscriptions and Decoration
Projectiles, Charges and Tampions
Recording and Illustrating Guns
Further Information
Appendix 3: NAS Training Programme
An Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology
NAS Part I: Certificate in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology
NAS Part II: Intermediate Certificate in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology
NAS Part III: Advanced Certificate in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology
NAS Part IV: Diploma in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology
Further Information
Glossary
References and Further Reading
Index