Microplastics in the marine environment. Sources, Impacts & Recommendations/Микропластики в морской среде. Источники, влияние и рекомендации

Издание на английском языке
Records of the effects and impacts of anthropogenic pollution have been documented since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. One of the first examples dates to the 1860s and it refers to the famous case of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, in the United Kingdom, and how this insect adapted to air pollution levels by changing its colour to survive. Several decades later in 1962, across the Atlantic Ocean, Rachel Carson would publish the book Silent Spring, documenting the adverse environmental effects caused by pesticides, particularly Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, also known as DDT. Her book raised awareness to environmental changes due to human activities and influenced the start of an environmental movement. Seven years after its publication, a group of researchers set out to sample the Hawaiian archipelago would report that albatrosses were swallowing indigestible matter in the form of plastic and not the common pebbles or pumice previously reported for the region (Kenyon and Kridler, 1969).

General table of contents
Foreword
Executive summary
Acronyms
Glossary of important concepts
Introduction
Chapter 1 Scale, sources and pathways of marine microplatics pollution
Sources of plastic pollution
Land-based sectors generating plastic litter
Agriculture
Tourism
Personal care products
Textiles
Plastic production
Transport
Marine & maritime-based sectors
Generating plastic litter
Shipping
Fisheries and aquaculture
Pathways of pollution
Atmospheric deposition
Rivers
Gyres
Wastewater treatment plants
Solid waste management
Chapter 2 Impacts of plastic pollution
Impacts on ecosystems
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Mangroves
Salt marshes
Seagrass meadows
Deep sea
Polar regions
Impact of plastics on the climate
Photodegradation and release of greenhouse gases
Impacts on carbon sequestration
Impact on marine life
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Invertebrates
Fish
Seabirds
Turtles
Marine mammals
Impact on human health
Chapter 3 Monitoring based upon expert opinion
Chapter 4 Recommendations
Policy recommendations
Concluding remarks
References
Introduction
Chapter 1 Scale, sources, and pathways of plastic pollution
Sources of plastic pollution
Land-based sources generating plastic litter
Agriculture
Tourism
Personal care products
Textiles
Plastic production
Transport
Marine & Maritime-based sources generating plastic litter
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Shipping
Pathways of pollution
Atmospheric deposition
Rivers
Tsunami box
Invasive species box
Wastewater treatment plants
Solid waste management
Chapter 2 Impacts
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Mangroves
Salt marshes
Seagrass beds
Ocean gyres
Deep sea
Polar regions
Impacts of plastics on the climate
Photodegradation and greenhouse gases
Potential impact on carbon sequestration
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Seagrass meadows
Impacts on marine life
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Invertebrates
Fish
Seabirds
Turtles
Marine mammals
Impacts on human health
Chapter 3 Monitoring based on expert opinion
Chapter 4 Recommendations
Appendix
Legal frameworks