Environmental aspects of oil and gas production/Экологические аспекты добычи нефти и газа

Издание на английском языке
This book is a systematic evaluation of surface and subsurface environmental hazards that can occur due to the production of hydrocarbons and how these problems can be avoided.

Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Environmental Concerns
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Evaluation Approach
1.3 Gas Migration
1.4 Underground Gas Storage Facilities
1.5 Subsidence
1.6 Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane
1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing
1.8 Oil Shale
1.9 Corrosion
1.10 Scaling
1.11 Conclusion
References and Bibliography
2 Migration of Hydrocarbon Gases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Geochemical Exploration for Petroleum
2.3 Primary and Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons
2.4 Origin of Migrating Hydrocarbon Gases
2.5 Driving Force of Gas Movement
2.6 Types of Gas Migration
2.7 Paths of Gas Migration Associated with Oilwells
2.8 Wells Leaking Due to Cementing Failure
2.9 Environmental Hazards of Gas Migration
2.10 Migration of Gas from Petroleum Wellbores
2.11 Case Histories of Gas Migration Problems
2.12 Conclusions
References and Bibliography
3 Subsidence as a Result of Gas/Oil/Water Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Compaction Models
3.3 Theoretical Modeling of Compaction
3.4 Subsidence Over Oilfields
3.5 Case Studies of Subsidence over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
3.6 Concluding Remarks
References and Bibliography
4 Effect of Emission of CO₂ and CH4 into the Atmosphere
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historic Geologic Evidence
4.3 Adiabatic Theory
References
5 Fracking
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Studies Supporting Hydraulic Fracturing
5.3 Studies Opposing Hydraulic Fracturing
5.4 The Fracking Debate
5.5 Production
5.6 Fractures: Their Orientation and Length
5.7 Casing and Cementing
5.8 Blowouts
5.9 Horizontal Drilling
5.10 Fracturing and the Groundwater Contamination
5.11 Pre-Drill Assessment
5.12 Basis of Design
5.13 Well Construction
5.14 Summary
5.15 Failure and Contamination Reduction
5.16 Frack Fluids
5.17 Common Fracturing Additives
5.18 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives
5.19 Chemicals Used in Fracking
5.20 Proppants
5.21 Slickwater
5.22 Direction of Flow of Frack Fluids
5.23 Subsurface Contamination of Groundwater
5.24 Spills
5.25 Other Surface Impacts
5.26 Land Use Permits
5.27 Water Usage and Management
5.28 Earthquakes
5.29 Induced Seismic Event
5.30 Wastewater Disposal Wells
5.31 Site Remediation
5.32 Examples of Legislation and Regulations
5.33 Frack Fluid Makeup Reporting
5.34 Atmospheric Emissions
5.35 Air Emissions Controls
5.36 Silica Dust
5.37 The Clean Air Act
5.38 Regulated Pollutants
5.39 Attainment versus Non-attainment
5.40 Types of Federal Regulations
5.41 MACT/NESHAP
5.42 NSPS Regulations: 40 CFR Part 60
5.43 Construction and Operating New Source Review Permits
5.44 Title V Permits
5.45 Chemicals and Products on Locations
5.46 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
5.47 Contents of an MSDS
5.48 Conclusion
State Agency Web Addresses
References
Bibliography
6 Corrosion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definitions
6.3 Electrochemical Corrosion
6.4 Galvanic Series
6.5 Types of Corrosion
6.6 Classes of Corrosion
6.7 Stress-Induced Corrosion
6.8 Microbial Corrosion
6.9 Corrosion Related to Oilfield Production
6.10 Economics and Preventitive Methods
6.11 Corrosion Rate Measurement Units
References and Bibliography
7 Scaling
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Scale
7.3 Formation of Scale
7.4 Hardness and Alkalinity
7.5 Common Oilfield Scale Scenarios
7.6 Prediction of Scale Formation
7.7 Solubility of Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite and Their Mixtures
7.8 Scale Removal
7.9 Scale Inhibition
7.10 Conclusions
References and Bibliography
Appendix A
About the Authors
Author Index
Subject Index