Ageing and life extension of offshore structures. The challenge of managing structural integrity/Старение и продление срока эксплуатации морских сооружений. Проблема управления структурной целостностью

Издание на английском языке
This book is about the fundamental issues relevant to ageing of offshore structures and the necessary considerations for life extension. The aim of the book is to investigate and understand how these structures change with age and how these changes can be managed and mitigated.
The literature on structures is largely aimed at structural design despite the fact that particularly in UK and Norwegian waters over 50% of offshore structures are now in a life extension phase and are experiencing ageing.

Contents
Preface
Definitions
1 Introduction to Ageing of Structures
1.1 Structural Engineering and Ageing Structures
1.2 History of Offshore Structures Worldwide
1.3 Failure Statistics for Ageing Offshore Structures
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Failure Statistics of Offshore Structures
1.3.3 Experience from Land Based Structures
1.3.4 Experience from Offshore Fixed Steel Structures
1.3.5 Experience from the Shipping and Mobile Offshore Unit Industries
1.4 The Terms ‘Design Life’ and ‘Life Extension’ and the Bathtub Curve
1.5 Life Extension Assessment Process
References
2 Historic and Present Principles for Design, Assessment and Maintenance of Offshore Structures
2.1 Historic Development of Codes and Recommended Practices
2.1.1 US Recommended Practices and Codes
2.1.2 UK Department of Energy and HSE Guidance Notes
2.1.3 Norwegian Standards
2.1.4 ISO Standards
2.2 Current Safety Principles Applicable to Structural Integrity
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Application of Safety Principles to Structures
2.2.3 Managing Safety
2.2.4 Change Management
2.3 Current Regulation and Requirements for Ageing and Life Extension
2.3.1 Regulatory Practice in the UK for Ageing and Life Extension
2.3.2 Regulatory Practice in Norway Regarding Life Extension
2.3.3 Regulatory Practice in the USA
2.3.4 Regulatory Practice Elsewhere in the World
2.4 Structural Integrity Management
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 The Main Process of Structural Integrity Management
2.4.3 Evolution of Structural Integrity Management
2.4.4 Current SIM Approach
2.4.5 Incident Response and Emergency Preparedness
2.4.6 SIM in Life Extension
References
3 Ageing Factors
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Physical Changes
3.1.2 Structural Information Changes
3.1.3 Changes to Knowledge and Safety Requirements
3.1.4 Technological Changes
3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation Mechanisms in Materials
3.3 Material Degradation
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation for Types of Steel Structures
3.3.3 Steel Degradation
3.3.4 Concrete Degradation
3.4 Corrosion
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 External Corrosion
3.4.3 Various Forms of Corrosion
3.4.4 Special Issues Related to Corrosion in Hulls and Ballast Tanks
3.4.5 Concrete Structures
3.5 Fatigue
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Factors Influencing Fatigue
3.5.3 Implications of Fatigue Damage
3.5.4 Fatigue Issues with High Strength Steels
3.5.5 Fatigue Research
3.6 Load Changes
3.6.1 Marine Growth
3.6.2 Subsidence and Wave in Deck
3.7 Dents, Damages, and Other Geometrical Changes
3.8 Non-physical Ageing Changes
3.8.1 Technological Changes (Obsolescence)
3.8.2 Structural Information Changes
3.8.3 Knowledge and Safety Requirement Changes
References
4 Assessment of Ageing and Life Extension
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Assessment versus Design Analysis
4.2 Assessment Procedures
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Brief Overview of ISO 19902
4.2.3 Brief Overview of NORSOK N-006
4.2.4 Brief Overview of API RP 2A-WSD
4.2.5 Brief Overview of ISO 13822
4.2.6 Discussion of These Standards
4.3 Assessment of Ageing Materials
4.4 Strength Analysis
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Steel Structural Members
4.4.3 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Concrete Structural Members
4.4.4 Non-Linear Analysis of Jacket of Structures (Push-Over Analysis)
4.5 Fatigue Analysis and the S-N Approach
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Methods for Fatigue Analysis
4.5.3 S-N Fatigue Analysis
4.5.4 Assessment of Fatigue for Life Extension
4.6 Fracture Mechanics Assessment
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis
4.6.3 Fracture Assessment
4.6.4 Fracture Toughness Data
4.6.5 Residual Stress Distribution
4.6.6 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension
4.7 Probabilistic Strength, Fatigue, and Fracture Mechanics
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 Structural Reliability Analysis - Overview
4.7.3 Decision Making Based on Structural Reliability Analysis
4.7.4 Assessment of Existing Structures by Structural Reliability Analysis
References
5 Inspection and Mitigation of Ageing Structures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inspection
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 The Inspection Process
5.2.3 Inspection Philosophies
5.2.4 Risk and Probabilistic Based Inspection Planning
5.2.5 Inspection of Fixed Jacket Structures
5.2.6 Inspection of Floating Structures
5.2.7 Inspection of Topside Structures
5.2.8 Structural Monitoring
5.3 Evaluation of Inspection Findings
5.4 Mitigation of Damaged Structures
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Mitigation of Corrosion Damage
5.4.3 Mitigation of the Corrosion Protection System
5.4.4 Mitigation of Fatigue and Other Damage
5.5 Performance of Repaired Structures
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Tubular Joints
5.5.3 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Plated Structures
References
6 Summary and Further Thoughts
6.1 Ageing Structures and Life Extension
6.2 Further Work and Research Needs Related to Ageing Structures
6.3 Final Thoughts
A Types of Structures
A.1 Fixed Platforms
A.2 Floating Structures
Reference
B Inspection Methods
B.1 General Visual Inspection
B.2 Close Visual Inspection
B.3 Flooded Member Detection
B.4 Ultrasonic Testing
B.5 Eddy Current Inspection
B.6 Magnetic Particle Inspection
B.7 Alternating Current Potential Drop
B.8 Alternating Current Field Measurement
B.9 Acoustic Emission Monitoring
B.10 Leak Detection
B.11 Air Gap Monitoring
B.12 Strain Monitoring
B.13 Structural Monitoring
C Calculation Examples
C.1 Example of Closed Form Fatigue Calculation
C.2 Example of Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension
Index